Tag: cognitive

Introduction

Neurocognitive disorders (NCD) are degenerative disorders with main symptoms of deficits in various cognitive functions.^1,2 Mild and major NCDs are distinguished according to the maintenance of activities of daily living. The deficits can have massive impacts on the quality of life for both patients and caregivers. Recently, the potential effects of herbal medicine, which are widely used for age-related degenerative disease in east Asian countries, have been reported for patients with cognitive disorders.^3,4 A systematic review summarized that Chinese herbal medicine improved the cognitive scores of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).⁵ Another review reported that herbal medicine alleviated behavioral and psychological symptoms of patients with dementia.⁶ Several observational studies of herbal medicine as treatment for cognitive disorders have also been reported, including Dangguijagyag-san⁷ and Ninjinyoei-to.⁸

In Traditional East Asian Medicine (TEAM), pattern identification, also called syndrome differentiation, is the core clinical decision process in clinical practice.^9,10 Traditionally, practitioners diagnose the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) or Korean Medicine (KM) patients’ patterns after the professional and subjective pattern identification process of observation, listening, questioning, and pulse analysis. In recent studies, efforts have been made to measure the TCM or KM pattern objectively in patients with cognitive impairment.^11,12 Specifically, in a real-world multicenter controlled clinical study conducted in China, sequential therapy based on the evolvement of patterns (STEP) regimen was applied for patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)^13,14 and the authors concluded that early AD initiates from kidney deficiency, and as the disease progress, phlegm-dampness, blood stasis, and fire-heat could occur pathologically. According to the sequential patterns of AD patients, herbal medicine demonstrated beneficial effects in maintaining cognitive stability in patients with AD after the 2-years of follow-up.

In Korea, a pattern identification tool for cognitive disorders (PIT-C) has been developed.^15,16 It does not distinguish the pattern of cognitive disorders according to the stage of the disease. Instead, PIT-C comprises two deficiency patterns, qi-deficiency and yin-deficiency, and two excess patterns, phlegm-dampness and heat-fire. The Qi-deficiency score measures the symptoms of fatigue and lack of energy. The Yin-deficiency score measures the symptoms of hot flushes and ringing in the ears. Phlegm-dampness score is composed of the symptoms of a feeling of heaviness in the head and digestive issues. The fire-heat score is composed of the symptoms of being angered easily, irritability, or aggression.

Seo et al generated a list of licensed herbal medicine products in Korea that are expected to have potential effects on neurocognitive impairment.¹⁷ Licensed herbal medicine products are produced in good manufacturing practice (GMP) according to the Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (KHP). To select the treatment candidates, individual herbs’ effects on neuroinflammation (nitric oxide release inhibition), neuronal cell proliferation (NE-4C cell viability), and energy production target (PDH activity in AD293 cell) were assessed using in vitro assays.^18–20 The final list of herbal medicine products for patients with neurocognitive disorders was obtained by combining the results of the screening test and the recommendation of experts.¹⁷

This study aimed to explore the effect of herbal medicine treatment according to the KM pattern identification on cognitive functions and KM pattern scores. Also, PIT-C¹⁵ was applied in KM pattern identification and determination of prescription formula for patients with neurocognitive disorders.

Patients and Methods

Trial Design and Ethics Approval

Patients with neurocognitive disorders who visited the Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University were asked written consents, then enrolled in this prospective, observational study. Enrolled patients were treated and managed by qualified clinicians, mainly using herbal medicine. Clinical outcomes were measured at baseline, after 12 weeks, and after 24 weeks. This observational study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Daejeon University Daejeon Oriental Hospital (DJDSKH-18-BM-21). The approved protocol was prospectively registered at the clinical research information service (cris.nih.go.kr, Registration no. KCT0004799). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Participant Flow

A total of 20 patients with neurocognitive disorders were enrolled in the study. Six patients received SHS and five patients received PMT. For three patients, herbal medicine prescriptions were revised to another formula at the follow-up visits (Figure 1). The duration of administration, prescribed herbal medicine, and compliance in each patient are presented in Table S1. Compliance on taking herbal medicine was greater than 70{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} for all patients.

Figure 1 Flow chart.

Participants

Twenty patients with MCI or mild dementia who planned to receive herbal medicine treatment were registered for the study. A hospital in Daejeon, Korea, recruited patients through a notice on the bulletin board in the hospital. Eligible patients were enrolled from 29 July 2019 to 29 May 2020. The follow-up observation of the last participant was completed on 7 September 2020.

The inclusion criteria were as follows:

1. between 45 and 84 years of age;
2. diagnosis of major or mild neurocognitive impairment based on the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5);
3. Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 0.5;
4. Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) score 2–5;
5. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score < 23;
6. capable of understanding the contents of the questionnaire directly or through a guardian; and
7. willingness to participate and those who voluntarily signed the informed consent form.

The exclusion criteria were as follows:

1. history of brain damage or mental retardation;
2. history of Huntington’s disease, normal hydrocephalus, or brain tumor;
3. uncontrolled gastrointestinal, endocrine, or cardiovascular diseases;
4. uncontrolled diabetics;
5. severe liver disease, or kidney disease;
6. anemia, hypothyroidism, vitamin deficiency, or malignant disease;
7. severe unstable medical conditions;
8. history of major psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, delusional disorder, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, alcohol or substance use disorder);
9. experience of participating in other clinical trials with interventions in the last 4 weeks
10. women of childbearing age;
11. unable to understand the consent form or difficulty in proceeding with the research due to mental retardation, emotional, or intellectual impairments;
12. blindness, hearing loss, or severe speech impairment;
13. not appropriate according to the judgment of the researcher;

Herbal Medicine Treatment

A list of herbal medicine products generated in a previous study¹⁷ was mainly used. Among the list of herbal medicine products, the clinicians made a decision on the personalized herbal medicine formulas for each patient based on the KM pattern identification. KM pattern scores of Qi-deficiency, Yin-deficiency, Phlegm-dampness, and Fire-heat were measured by the pattern identification tool for cognitive disorders (PIT-C),^15,16 and clinical impressions were comprehensively considered for the selection of herbal medicine formula. The symptoms and signs of the four patterns in patients with cognitive disorder are listed in Table 1. For patients with high Yin-deficiency score, Yukmijihwang-tang (YMJ; Liu-wei-di-huang-tang in Chinese; Lokumijio-to in Japanese) was selected. For patients with high Fire-heat scores, Samhwangsasim-tang (SHS; San-huang-xie-xin-tang in Chinese; Sano-shashin-to in Japanese) was selected. For patients with high Phlegm-dampness score, Banhasasim-tang (BHS; Ban-xia-xie-xin-tang in Chinese; Hangeshashin-to in Japanese) was selected. For patients with high Qi-deficiency scores, Yukgunja-tang (YGJ; Liu-jun-zi-tang in Chinese; Ikkunshi-to in Japanese) was selected, and Hyangsayukgunja-tang (Xiang-sha-liu-jun-zi-tang in Chinese; Kosharikkunshi-to in Japanese) was also considered for patients with Qi-deficiency and digestive problems. For patients with high Qi-deficiency score and tendency of Blood-deficiency, Palmul-tang (PMT; Bawu-tang in Chinese; Hachimotsu-to in Japanese) was prescribed.

Table 1 Symptoms and Signs of the Four Korean Medicine Patterns in Patients with Cognitive Disorders

The herbal medicine product (extract granules) manufactured by the pharmaceutical company according to the Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (KHP) were used. The ingredients and composition of each herbal medicine formula are presented in Table 2. Moreover, the detailed production methods and quality standards of each herbal medicine formula extract are presented in Supplement 1. The granules were administrated three times a day for 24 weeks.

Table 2 The Herbal Ingredients and Composition Ratio of Formulae

Outcome Measurement

The Seoul neuropsychological screening battery II (SNSB-II) is composed of various cognitive tests for five cognitive function domains; attention, language, visuospatial function, memory, and frontal/executive function.^21,22 The digit span test (DST) for attention domain; Boston naming test (BNT) for language domain; Clock drawing test (CDT) for visuospatial function domain; Rey complex figure test (RCFT) for visual memory, Seoul verbal learning test for verbal memory; and Color word Stroop test (CWST) for frontal/executive function domains are the representative tests included in the battery. Additionally, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and short version of the geriatric depression scale (SGDepS) were carried out. Outcomes were measured at the baseline, after 12 weeks, and after 24 weeks. The MoCA was additionally conducted after six weeks. Integrative Medicine Patient Satisfaction Scale (IMPSS)²³ was measured after 12 and 24 weeks. Adverse events following the treatment were carefully documented throughout the study. Further, complete blood count, liver and kidney function tests were conducted before and after the treatment for safety evaluation.

Statistical Methods

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables are presented as a frequency ({fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}). The linear mixed model for repeated measures was used to compare clinical outcomes over time. The least-squares mean and standard deviation over time were calculated. Additionally, mean differences and 95{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} confidence intervals of week 6, week 12, and week 24 compared to baseline scores (week 0) were estimated. Tukey’s method was used to adjust the p-value for the multiple comparisons. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and minimum detectable change (MDC) were considered for the interpretations of the results. For the SNSB-II five cognitive function domains T scores, 5 points (0.5 SD) were adopted as distribution-based MCID.²⁴ For the MoCA total score, 4 points were reported as the MDC in previous study.²⁵ Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.0.2²⁶ with a significance level of 5{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} and a two-sided test.

Results

Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of total enrolled patients and patients who were prescribed SHS and PMT are presented in Table 3. One patient had mild dementia and 19 patients had MCI. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who were prescribed YMJ, BHS, and YGJ are presented in Table S2. Of the 20 patients, the mean age was 71.0 ± 5.1 y, and 85.0{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} were female. The KM pattern score of fire-heat was higher among patients who were prescribed SHS. Two patients who were prescribed YGJ displayed higher KM pattern scores in qi-deficiency and phlegm-dampness.

Table 3 Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

Clinical Outcomes

Among the five cognitive function domains of SNSB-II, language, visuospatial function, memory, and frontal/executive function domains improved following herbal medicine treatment compared to baseline (Table 4). Considering the mean changes from the baseline in these three domains, T scores were larger than 5 points (0.5 SD) indicating MCID. Specifically, memory domain T score increased from 40.93 ± 11.52 to 51.74 ± 11.52 after 12 weeks (mean difference: 10.80 [95{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} CI: 5.30, 16.30], p =0.0015), and to 56.61 ± 11.75 after 24 weeks (mean difference: 15.68 [95{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} CI: 10.00, 21.35], p <0.0001). The scores for cognitive tests included in each cognitive function domain generally improved after the treatment (Table S3). SGDepS decreased; however, this trend was not statistically significant. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients who were administered SHS or PMT and displayed tendencies similar to the results for all patients (Table S4 for SST, Table S5 for PMT).

Table 4 SNSB-II Five Cognitive Function Domains T Score, and SGDepS Before and After the Treatment

The MoCA score gradually improved after the treatment over time (Table 5 and Figure 2). At the week-12 follow-up, the MoCA score increased from 17.73 ± 5.28 to 21.96 ± 5.42 (mean difference: 4.23 [95{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} CI: 2.60, 5.86], p < 0.0001). The mean change from the baseline in MoCA score was larger than 4 points which corresponded to MDC. The result of the KM pattern scores is also presented in Table 5. There was no consistent tendency according to time in the scores for qi-deficiency or yin-deficiency. Scores for phlegm-dampness and fire-heat tended to decrease over time after the treatment; however, this trend was not statistically significant. Patients’ satisfaction with the treatment was measured by the IMPSS at weeks 12 and 24 (Table 6); 50{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} and 64{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} of the patients answered that they were satisfied or very satisfied with the herbal medicine treatment, respectively.

Table 5 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Korean Medicine (KM) Pattern Scores Before and After the Treatment

Table 6 Integrative Medicine Patient Satisfaction Scale (IMPSS) After the Treatment

Figure 2 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score for patients over time.

Safety Outcomes

During the study period, five adverse events were reported from four patients. Two adverse events from one patient that were likely related to the interventions. A patient who was administered YMJ reported mild adverse events of nausea and chest discomfort, and both symptoms completely resolved naturally without further intervention. There were no other intervention-related adverse events reported by the remaining patients. No serious adverse event was observed in the study. The complete blood count, and liver and kidney function tests conducted at baseline and week 24 indicated no clinically significant changes (Table S6).

Discussion

Herbal Medicine for Patients with Neurocognitive Disorders

In this observational study of patients with neurocognitive disorders who planned to be treated with herbal medicine, SHS (30{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}) and PMT (25{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}) were frequently prescribed. Following herbal medicine treatment, the patients’ cognitive functions improved at the 12 and 24 weeks’ follow-ups. In KM pattern scores, phlegm-dampness and fire-heat scores tended to improve after the treatment. Throughout the study, mild adverse events of nausea and chest discomfort were reported; however, no serious adverse events occurred.

Various herbal medicine formulae were used in this study according to the pattern identification of each patient. YMJ, which is consists of six crude herbs reinforcing yin-deficiency, was reported to ameliorate cognitive impairment in a mouse model.²⁷ Additionally, YMJ showed effectiveness in improving dry mouth (xerostomia) a typical symptom of yin-deficiency, for older adult patients.²⁸ SHS includes three crude herbs that clear heat; Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Coptidis Rhizoma are also included in the herbal granule, GRAPE formula, which demonstrated significant benefit for patients with AD.¹³ PMT is composed of herbs to enhance Qi and blood, and PMT-containing formula attenuated memory deficits in in vivo studies.^29,30 Moreover, BHS prevented lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in mice.³¹ The herbal medicine formulae used in this observational study demonstrated potential effects on cognitive impairment in previous animal and human studies.

In this study, we used licensed herbal medicine products manufactured by pharmaceutical companies that were produced according to the Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (KHP), and modification of compositional herbs was not possible. Therefore, the use of frequently added herbs for cognitive disorders, such as Acori Graminei Rhizoma and Polygalae Radix^32–34 was difficult. In this study, the patients’ cognitive functions generally improved after the herbal medicine treatment, even without those herbs. Another similar study incorporated licensed herbal medicine products for patients with MCI,³⁵ and reported that older adults demonstrated improvement in MoCA score after six months of herbal medicine treatment. The modified Guibi-tang (Guipi-tang in Chinese, Kihi-to in Japanese) was the most frequently used formula (48.9{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}) in the study, and its composition and indication are similar to PMT.

KM Patterns of Patients with Neurocognitive Disorders

The KM patterns of the enrolled patients were determined by combining the results of PIT-C and clinicians’ examination in this study. At the baseline assessment, six patients had a Fire-heat pattern (30{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}), five patients had a Qi and blood-deficiency pattern (25{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}), four patients had a Phlegm-dampness pattern (20{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}), three patients had a Yin-deficiency pattern (15{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}), and two patients had Qi-deficiency pattern (10{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}). In another study of TCM constitution in 152 patients with MCI, neutral was the most frequent constitution (33.6{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}), followed by Qi-deficient (33.5{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}), Yang-deficient (21.7{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}), Phlegm-dampness (9.2{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}), and Blood-stasis (7.9{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}).¹² In a study of 52 mild to moderate patients with AD, liver-kidney yin deficiency was the most frequent pattern (64.8{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}).³⁶ In a randomized controlled trial of patients with mild to moderate AD, appropriate herbal medicine was prescribed according to the pattern identification of Heart Qi-deficiency, Kidney Yin-deficiency, Phlegm-dampness, and Blood stasis.³⁷ In previous studies, patterns of Qi-deficiency, Yin-deficiency, Phlegm-dampness, and Blood stasis were commonly reported among patients with neurocognitive disorders.

After the 12 to 24 weeks of herbal medicine treatment, KM patterns of phlegm-dampness and fire-heat score improved, whereas qi-deficiency and yin-deficiency scores did not. The deficiency patterns may require longer treatment to improve compared to excess patterns, such as phlegm-dampness and fire-heat. In a previous study of patterns among patients with AD, Shen (Kidney) deficiency was observed throughout all stages of AD.¹⁴ For patients with MCI, Qinggongshoutao, which is traditionally known to enhance kidney function, was administrated for 52 weeks in a randomized controlled trial.^38,39 In that study, 67.2{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c} of patients who were administrated herbal medicine showed improvement in deficiency of kidney essence, after the relatively long treatment period. In general, deficiency patterns are more commonly observed in chronic disease than acute disease.^40–42 To observe the improvement in Qi-deficiency and Yin-deficiency pattern scores for patients with MCI, the administration period of herbal medicine probably needs to be longer than 12 weeks.

There are a few other studies that reported changes in TCM, KM pattern syndrome in patients with MCI. In a study of patients with MCI, TCM syndrome scores, including kidney essence deficiency, phlegm, and blood stasis were reduced after treatment with herbal medicine.⁴³ Another herbal medicine formula, Huannao Yicong formula, also reported to improve the Chinese Medicine Symptom Scale (CM-SS) as well as cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate AD.⁴⁴ The two previously mentioned studies incorporated only the sum of each TCM pattern score. To evaluate the effect of herbal medicine for patients with neurocognitive disorders, the development of common TCM or KM pattern scores is needed. There is limited information regarding the blood stasis pattern symptoms in PIT-C.¹⁵ It would be preferable if the revised pattern identification tool were capable of reflecting the stage of the cognitive disorders and contain essential patterns of cognitive disorders; Qi-deficiency, Yin-deficiency, Phlegm-dampness, Blood stasis, and Fire-Heat.

Limitations and Interpretation

There are several limitations to our study. First, it was an observational study without a control group. The effect of herbal medicine on neurocognitive impairment was measured by comparing the baseline and the post-treatment, which cannot exclude the possibility of the placebo effect and the influence of the learning effect. The results of this study is not sufficient to conclude the effect of herbal medicine on neurocognitive impairment. However, the mean change from the baseline after the treatment in MoCA showed improvement beyond the MCID and MDC, indicates the potential clinical effect of herbal medicine on cognitive function. Second, various formulae were used for patients, and the results cannot answer the question of which formulae, herbs, or components were effective for cognitive function improvement. Third, the sample size was relatively small. Nevertheless, cognitive function and KM pattern scores were observed before and after the herbal medicine treatment. For most patients with cognitive disorders, compliance on taking herbal medicine three times a day was higher than 70{fe463f59fb70c5c01486843be1d66c13e664ed3ae921464fa884afebcc0ffe6c}, and cognitive functions generally improved after the treatment. There was no clinically significant abnormal change observed after the treatment on assessment by the liver and kidney function tests. Additionally, we used licensed herbal medicine products in Korea, which are also available in China and Japan, and can be easily applied in the real-world clinical setting.

Conclusion

This study explored the effect of herbal medicine treatment according to the KM pattern identification for patients with MCI and early dementia. Application of the herbal medicine treatment approach used in this study could be considered a possible option with very few undesirable side-effects and potentially improve cognitive function in patients with MCI. Further research is needed to objectify the KM pattern identification process and evaluate the KM pattern-related signs and symptoms.